19 April 2014

How exactly do catalysts lower the activation energy of bonds?

Catalysts lower activation energy by offering alternate route

A catalyst by definition is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed during the reaction. In general, catalysts do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, as stated in the question.
Let's start with what activation energy means.

Activation energy is the minimum energy molecules must have in order to react.

You can think of the molecules as cars. Two cars can collide and may or may not make dents. Only those collisions that have enough energy will cause the cars to become dented.

A chemical reaction happens when two or more species collide and break old bonds and/or form new bonds. Not all collisions happen with the same energy. Only those collisions that meet that minimum energy requirement will react to make products.

A catalyst's job is to lower the amount of energy required for collisions to be successful at making product. They accomplish this by offering an alternate pathway to form products. If you have to get from point A to point B which is over a mountain, you need enough energy to climb the mountain. This would be the activation energy. If, however, you found a tunnel that went through the mountain instead of over, it would require less energy to reach point B. This tunnel can be thought of as a catalyst. It provides an alterative pathway that requires less energy to get from the starting point to the finish. It is also not consumed during this process as the tunnel would remain for the next person to utilize.
There are many methods that catalysts use to provide lower energy pathways.
Some catalysts provide a charge to a molecule to make it ore attractive to another reactant.
Acids are often used as catalysts. They can give the reacting species a positive charge. This charged species is more attractive to a negative or partially negative reactant. This new attraction increases the chance that the two species will come together and react. Some catalysts increase the local concentration of reactants so that they are more likely to collide. If the catalyst has the ability to bring both reactants close together, it can increase the likelihood that the two molecules will bump into each other.
If two people go to the mall, they may or may not bump into each other. If both people like shopping at the GAP, they are more likely to run into one another while shopping at the GAP. The store is the catalyst that brings the two people into close proximity and makes a meeting more likely.

Some catalysts may even modify the shape of one reactant so that it is more susceptible to a reaction with the other molecule. Imagine throwing darts at a balloon at the state fair. If the balloons are not inflated it is much harder to hit your target. By blowing the balloons up, you increase the chance that the dart will hit the balloon and you will win a prize.
Source:http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education

01 March 2014

MEDICINE STUDY IN ABROAD

                                                                    MCAT Exam
FAQ'S
MCAT is for students want to apply for Medical education
  
The test is accepted in USA and Canada

The scores are valid for three years

What is MCAT?

MCAT or Medical College Admission Test is for the students who are planning to pursue their Medical education in either USA or Canada. The MCAT test is a standardized, multiple-choice examination.

The test is designed to assess the examinee’s problem solving, critical thinking and knowledge of Science concepts and principles prerequisite to the study of medicine.  Almost all US Medical Schools and many Canadian schools require applicants to submit MCAT exam. MCAT scores are valid upto 3 years.

MCAT is compulsory for both, a student who is about to start his/her medical education and an MBBS degree holder as well.

What is the format of MCAT?

MCAT tests a student’s Problem Solving, Critical Thinking and Knowledge of Science concepts. The sections include Physical Sciences, Biological Sciences and Verbal Reasoning.

What can I expect in the Physical Sciences section?

The Physical Science section of the MCAT exam assesses the introductory-level knowledge of general Chemistry and Physics to solve scientific problems.

What can I expect in the Biological Sciences section?

The section assesses the introductory level knowledge of Biology and Organic Chemistry to solve scientific problems.

What can I expect in the Verbal Reasoning section?

The section will assess your ability to understand, evaluate and apply information and arguments presented in text.


How am I eligible for MCAT?

Either you are fresh out of 10+2 or have just finished with your MBBS degree in both the cases you are eligible to appear for MCAT.

How do I register?


What is the fee for MCAT?

The details are mentioned below:
Regular registration
$270
International Test Site
$85
Late registration
$75
Date reschedule
$90
Change of Test Center
$90
About MCAT
This  is a standardized, multiple-choice examination designed to assess the examinee's problem solving, critical thinking, writing skills, and knowledge of science concepts and principles prerequisite to the study of medicine. Scores are reported in Verbal Reasoning, Physical Sciences, Writing Sample, and Biological Sciences. 
Medical colleges consider MCAT exam scores as part of their admission process.
Almost all U.S. medical schools require applicants to submit MCAT exam scores. Many schools do not accept MCAT exam scores that are more than three years old.
 
Are You Eligible to Take the MCAT Exam? 

Registration Eligibility 
You may sit for the MCAT exam if you are preparing to apply to a health professions school. These include the following types of schools:
·         Allopathic
·         Osteopathic
·         Podiatric
·         Veterinary Medicine
Note: At the time of registration you will be required to accept a statement verifying your intention to apply to a heath professions school. If, however, you are not applying to a health professions school, or if you are a currently enrolled medical student, you may obtain "special permission" to register for the exam. 

Testing Eligibility
 
You may take the exam up to three times in one calendar year, but you may register for only one test at a time.

International Students 
If you are an international student, you are welcome to take the MCAT exam provided that you meet the eligibility requirements described above. If you are in an MBBS degree program or hold the MBBS degree, you may register for the MCAT exam without seeking

Special Permission
  • You wish to take the test for any reason other than applying to a health professions school, or
  • You are a currently enrolled medical student (other than MBBS degree program)
To apply for special permission, please send an e-mail request to mcat@aamc.org, stating the reason(s) you wish to take the exam. The MCAT exam office will attempt to review and respond to your request within five business days, although heavy volume may delay our ability to reply within this time frame. We therefore ask that you be mindful of registration deadlines, as staff cannot extend closing dates for any reason.

How do I register for the MCAT?
Starting in February, they will send you a registration packet that contains important information about MCAT fees and score reporting.
 

MCAT Registration:
The registration packet contains a code book which you must use to fill out the candidate information folder and a registration ticket which requires a recent photograph. You must be sure that your completed registration packet is postmarked before the test registration deadline. There is a late registration deadline for those who may procrastinate or for some reason miss the deadline. Note that this is not a postmark deadline. Your completed application must be received by American College Testing Program by 4:30 Central Standard Time on that date and must be accompanied by an additional $30 fee. In any case there is no walk-in registration, and you must have your registration ticket (with photo) in order to take the exam.

You will be given a choice of testing centers - both domestic and international. The Colorado centers include Adams State College, Alamosa; University of Colorado, Boulder and Denver campuses; U.S. Air Force Academy and the Colorado College, both in Colorado Springs; Fort Lewis College, Durango; Colorado State University, Fort Collins; and Mesa State College, Grand Junction. The test is normally given on Saturday although there are Sunday test dates at limited testing centers (i.e. Denver) should you have a Saturday conflict or should religious reasons prohibit your taking the test on a Saturday. There are additional fees for Sunday and nondomestic test centers. Consult the instruction booklet for this information. The basic fee for the test is $155 for 1995. Check the instruction booklet for fee charges.

Computerized MCAT

The MCAT Exam has gone paperless! 
Most of our international testing sites have been computerized for several years. Last year we added 10 U.S. computerized sites as alternatives. We will now deliver the MCAT exam as a computerized exam only, starting in January 2007. Thomson Prometric will deliver the computerized MCAT on behalf of the AAMC multiple times per year, at hundreds of testing sites in North America and select sites in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and the Middle East. Benefits of the Computerized MCAT Exam
 

Computerizing the MCAT offers advantages for both students and admissions offices:
  • Test administrations will increase from twice a year to 22 per year.
  • Morning and afternoon sessions will be available on weekdays and Saturdays.
  • Students may take the MCAT exam up to three times per year (but may be registered for only one testing date at a time).
  • The computerized test day will be about half as long as the paper-and-pencil administration day, primarily because there is less administrative overhead.
  • Beginning in 2007, the number of questions will be reduced by about one-third (without changing the content representation), and the allowed testing time will be reduced by about 30 percent. Research showed that a shorter MCAT exam would retain its predictive power.
  • Beginning in 2007, scores will be reported in 30 days instead of 60 days. Our objective is to eventually reduce reporting to 14 days.

Computerized Testing Environment 
Thomson Prometric testing centers are climate- and sound-controlled, designed and built exclusively for CBTs. Ergonomic chairs, guest lockers, state-of-the-art equipment, and noise reduction headphones will be available to examinees. Thomson Prometric has testing sites throughout North America and around the world. They are building new sites in locations where the MCAT potentially has more examinees than they can seat.
 

MCAT Score Range
Each MCAT section receives its own score. Verbal reasoning, physical sciences, and biological sciences are each scored on a scale ranging from 1-15, with 15 as the highest. The writing sample essays are scored alphabetically on a scale ranging from J to T, with T as the highest. Your raw score, the number answered correctly, convert to yield a scaled score. These scaled scores appear on the report to medical schools as your MCAT scores.

MCAT Test Results
Depending on their degree of selectivity, medical schools consider a score of 10 or above on each section as superior. For each MCAT administration the average scaled scores are approximately 8s for verbal reasoning, physical sciences, and biological sciences, and an N for the writing sample. Many consider competitive scores around 10 to 11, and for the top schools strive for 12s and higher.

Finally, you have a score choice option on the day of the exam. This allows you to see your MCAT scores before releasing them to medical schools. While an appealing option, schools know when you take the MCAT, even if they do not know your scores. Consequently, some medical schools will hold this against you.

Good Total MCAT Score: Are My MCAT Scores Good Enough?
Just try to get all your MCAT scores as high as possible. Many schools look for consistency in MCAT scores. If your three numerical scores are above 10, and your essay score in above N, your chances of an interview are quite good. However, even if you get 14's in two science sections, but you get only 6 on your Verbal Reasoning, you may get a big trouble.

What is a competitive score on the MCAT?
Last year the national MCAT average for all 34,862 applicants was 8.1. The average for the 16,365 applicants who matriculated was a 9.9. Students accepted to the OU College of Medicine had an average of 9.43. OU only considers the LAST test scores. Acceptance to medical school is based on GPA, MCAT scores, Letters of Evaluation, and impressions gained at the personal interview. Kindly visit the official website of MCAT for more information

https://www.aamc.org/students/applying/mcat/

09 February 2014

Engineering Entrance Exam Dates

Engineering Entrance Exam

JEE MAIN 2014 Exam
JEE (MAIN) 2014 Offline Paper 1 and Paper 2 on06th April , 2014
Online Window (computer based) exam only paper 1 on April 9, 11, 12 & 19 2014
JEE Advanced Exam 2014
25th May, 2014
NIFT Entrance Exam 2014 National Institute of Fashion Technology
09th February, 2014 (Sunday)
Himachal Pradesh University M.Tech Entrance Test 2014
23rd September, 2013, Monday (02.00 p.m. to 05.00 p.m.)
CEED 2014 Common Entrance Examination for Design
1st Dec 2013 (09:00 to 12:00 hrs)
GATE 2014 Exam Notification Dates
Between 1st February 2014 and 2nd March 2014
BITSAT 2014 Birla Institute Online Entrance Test Dates Notification
Online Testing Window __ May, 2014 to __ June, 2014
SRMEEE 2014 - SRM Engineering Entrance Examination
May 2014
VITEEE 2014 Vellore University VIT Engineering Entrance Exam
15th April, 2014 to 30th April, 2014 (Tentative)
Karunya University Coimbatore BTech Entrance Exam 2014
26th Apr 2014
Amrita Engineering Entrance Examination AEEE 2014
13th Apr 2014 (Sunday - FN)
Vignan University Guntur B.Tech
23rd to 27th Apr 2014
SRM Engineering Entrance Examination

Paper- Pencil Exam: 27th Apr 2014,
Online Exam: 17th – 22nd Apr 2014
KLU Vijayawada Engineering Entrance Exam KLUEEE 2014
03rd May 2014 (Saturday, 10.00 a.m. to 01.00 p.m.)
West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination (WBJEE) 2014
19th Apr 2014 (Biological Sciences); 20th Apr 2014 (Maths, Physics, Chemistry)
UPES Engineering Aptitude Test Dates
24th May 2014 (Saturday)
UPESAT 2014 B.Tech / LLB-2014
24th May, 2014 (Saturday), 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. 3 hours
NERIST Entrance Exam NEE 2014

NEE-II/III: 26th Apr 2014 (Saturday)
NEE-I: 27th Apr 2014 (Sunday)
Kerala KEAM 2014 Engineering Medical Exam

Engineering Entrance Examination (For Engineering courses except Architecture) 21st April 2014 Monday 10.00 am to 12.30 pm Paper-I Physics & Chemistry 22nd April 2014 Tuesday 10.00 am to 12.30 pm Paper-II Mathematics
Medical Entrance Examination (For Medical/Agriculture/Veterinary/Fisheries Courses) 23rd April 2014 Wednesday 10.00 am to 12.30 pm Paper-I Chemistry & Physics 24th April 2014 Thursday 10.00 am to 12.30 pm Paper-II Biology
St John National Academy PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
23rd Feb 2014

MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMINATION DATES

Medical Entrance Exam Date

AIPGMEE 2014 All India PG Medical Entrance Exam25th Nov. – 06th Dec. 2013
AIPMT 2013 EXAMINATION DATE
4th May 2014 (Sunday)
AIIMS MBBS Entrance Exam 2014
01st Saturday June 2014 (Tentative)
AIPVT 2014 Entrance Exam
10th May, 2014, Saturday, 02.00 p.m. to 05.00 p.m.
Banaras Hindu University BHU Varanasi DM MCh Admission
in July, 2014
JIPMER MBBS Entrance Exam 2014
in June, 2014
JIPMER Puduchery PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
February, 2014
COMED-K PGET 2014 - POST GRADUATE ENTRANCE TEST
February, 2013, Sunday
Kerala KEAM 2014 for Medical (MBBS, BDS admission)

Paper 1 (Chemistry and Physics)
Paper 2 (Biology)

23.04.2014 (10 AM to 12.30 PM)
24.04.2014 (10 AM to 12.30 PM
)
Maharashtra MBBS CET 2014May 2014 (tentative)
MGIMS Wardha MBBS 2014 Entrance Exam
20th April 2014
Yenepoya University PG Medical Dental Entrance Exam 2014
25th January, 2014 (14.30 hrs. to 17.30 hrs.)
Datta Meghe PG Medical & PG Dental Entrance Exam 2014
25th Jan, 2014
CMC Vellore PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
Computer Based Test (CBT) – Online test: 24th Jan 2014
AIPGDEE-2014 Exam
25th January, 2014
KRLMPCA Bangalore PGCET 2014
23rd Feb 2014
Vianyaka Mission PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
Group A: 30th January, 2014
Group B: 2nd May, 2014
Group C: 27th June, 2014
JSS University Mysore PGET 2014
02nd Feb 2014
Sri Ramachandra University MD MS Entrance Exam 2014
19th Jan 2014 (Wednesday)
KIMS Karad PG Medical Dental Physiotherapy Entrance Exam 2014

(PGM) Date of entrance test: 16th Jan 2014, 11.00 a.m. to 02.00 p.m.
(PGD) Date of entrance test: 16th Jan 2014,11.00 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
(PGP) Date of entrance test: 16th Jan 2014, 11.00 a.m. to 01.30 p.m.
NITTE University PG Entrance Test 2014
12th January, 2014
UPPGMET 2014 Uttar Pradesh Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
23rd March, 2014, Sunday
UPCMET 2014 Notification and Dates
31st May, 2014
Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune Dental Entrance Test 2014
20th Jan 2014 (Monday)
Dr D Y Patil University Pune PG Medical Entrance test 2014
20th Jan 2014 (Monday)
Rajasthan RUHS Jaipur PG Dental Entrance Exam 2014
Sunday, 19 January, 2014.
Rajasthan RUHS Jaipur PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
Sunday, 19 January, 2014
Pramukhswami Medical College Gujarat Pre-PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
22nd Jan 2014 (Wednesday, 11.00 a.m. to01.00 p.m.)
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) PG Medical Entrance Test 2014
Test Schedule M.Ch. (Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery): 14th June 2014(02 hours, 30 min., 10.30 a.m.)
Test Schedule (MD/MS/PG Diplomas): 19th Jan 2014 (02 hours, 30 min., 10.30 a.m.)
Test Schedule MDS: 19th June 2014 (02 hours, 30 min., 10.30 a.m.)
CMDPGEE 2014 Uttarakhand Council of Entrance Exam MD MS MDS
30th Jan 2014 from 02.00 p.m. to 05.00 p.m., 03 Hrs.
JIPMER Puduchery PG Medical Entrance Exam Dates and Notification 2014
23rd Feb 2014 (Sunday at 10.00 a.m.)
Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune MEDPET 2014 MD MS Admission All India PG CET
19th Jan 2014 (11.00 a.m. to 02.00 p.m.)
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research AIPGMET 2014
19th Jan 2014 (Sunday at 09.00 a.m. to 12.00 Noon)
Maharashi Markandeshwar University Mullana M.Sc Nursing Admission 2014
25th May 2014 (11.00 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.)
KIIT University Bhubaneswar PG Medical Entrance Exam 2014
Reporting Date and Time for the Online Exam: 09.15 a.m. on 23rd Feb 2014
Date and Time of Online Exam: 23rd Feb 2014 (10.00 a.m.)
Maharishi Markandeshwar University MMU Mullana MBBS BDS Admission 2014
15th June 2014 (02.00 p.m. to 03.45 p.m.)
SRMSIMS Bareilly MD/MS MBBS Admission Notice 2014
23rd March 2014 for PG and 31st May 2014 for MBBS
Swami Rama Himalayan University Dehradum Pre Medical Entrance Exam 2014
23rd May 2014
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham PG Medical Entrance Test 2014
MD/MS/PG Diploma 23rd Mar 2014 (Sunday, 09.30 am to 12.30 pm)
MDS 21st Mar 2014 (Friday)
Yenepoya University PG Medical Dental Entrance Exam 201416th Feb 2014 (10.00 hrs – 13.00 hrs)
NIMS University Jaipur Admission open for MD MS MDS 201414th Feb 2014 (Friday), 13.00 hours to 16.00 hours
Amrita MBBS Entrance Exam 201418th May 2014 (09.30 a.m. to 12.00 p.m.)
MGPGI Puducherry PG Dental Entrance Exam (PGDEE) 2014Date of Post Graduate Dental Entrance Examination: 19th Jan 2014 (09.00 a.m. to 12.00 Noon)